The Browser Arena
Compare download speed, reliability, and cost through residential proxies across five countries.
Benchmark
Proxy Performance · Latest runs (dates and targets vary) · 68/80 successful
| # | Provider | Runs | Reliability (%) | Latency (ms) | Cost/success ($) | Value Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Tilion | 10 | 40.0% | 1,879 | $0.00143 | 0.937 |
| 2 |  Notte | 10 | 100.0% | 2,340 | $0.01049 | 0.922 |
| 3 |  Hyperbrowser | 10 | 90.0% | 2,444 | $0.01165 | 0.919 |
| 4 |  KERNEL | 10 | 100.0% | 2,941 | $0.00015 | 0.902 |
| 5 |  Steel | 10 | 90.0% | 3,085 | $0.01235 | 0.897 |
| 6 |  Browser Use | 10 | 90.0% | 3,784 | $0.00527 | 0.874 |
| 7 |  Anchor Browser | 10 | 90.0% | 4,202 | $0.02117 | 0.860 |
| 8 |  Browserbase | 10 | 80.0% | 4,399 | $0.02950 | 0.853 |
| — |  Lightpanda | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
History
Showing 3 run dates from the last month.
7-day rolling average
Daily medians ·
Results
Dots = samples · line = median · shape = estimated density.
Daily distribution
Latest provider runs · Successful downloads
Latest runs through Oct 12, 2026; run dates are shown per providerTable and distributions: latest provider runs up to Oct 12, 2026; run dates and target hosts may differ. History: recorded days with matching workloads within each provider. Click a history point to inspect runs available by that day. GET excludes creation and release. Estimated costs include failed attempts. Value scores are exploratory comparisons using the selected weights; dates and target hosts may differ.
Raw attempts & methodology
Ten attempts are exploratory; no tail percentile is inferred. Cost per success includes failed attempts. Prices are marginal usage estimates before subscriptions and credits. Browser-observed traffic excludes some billable overhead; provider meters are used when finalized. Unknown costs stay unknown.
Explore the data
Tilion· Samples, failures & pricing
Published browser rate; inferred credit-based usage estimate · Rates checked 2026-10-11Source 1Source 2
Re-estimated on 2026-10-11. Estimated from Tilion's published $0.03/browser-hour and the configured account's 150 credits/hour: $0.0002/credit, $0.20/GB at 1 credit/MB, and $0.0004/session at 2 credits/session. Traffic uses decimal MB rounded up. Failed launches are budgeted as one session fee with no additional unobserved runtime or traffic. Subscriptions and included credits are excluded; this is an inferred usage estimate, not an invoice. Browser-observed traffic is a lower bound; original measurements and pricing are preserved.
Run date: · Target: burning-hop-purchased-trying.trycloudflare.com
| Attempt | Outcome | Exit | GET | Bytes | Cost | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | failed | — | — | 0 | $0.00040 | session_create: tilion create 502: {"detail":{"error":"session_launch_failed","message":"could not start a browser session; please retry"}}Create — · Connect — · Release — · Traffic browser-observedReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 2 | success | US | 1835 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00083 | Payload verifiedCreate 997 ms · Connect 196 ms · Release 19 ms · Traffic browser-observedReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 3 | failed | — | — | 0 | $0.00040 | session_create: tilion create 502: {"detail":{"error":"session_launch_failed","message":"could not start a browser session; please retry"}}Create — · Connect — · Release — · Traffic browser-observedReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 4 | success | US | 1655 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00083 | Payload verifiedCreate 835 ms · Connect 129 ms · Release 7 ms · Traffic browser-observedReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 5 | failed | — | — | 0 | $0.00040 | session_create: tilion create 502: {"detail":{"error":"session_launch_failed","message":"could not start a browser session; please retry"}}Create — · Connect — · Release — · Traffic browser-observedReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 6 | success | US | 2001 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00083 | Payload verifiedCreate 657 ms · Connect 104 ms · Release 25 ms · Traffic browser-observedReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 7 | success | US | 1924 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00083 | Payload verifiedCreate 591 ms · Connect 165 ms · Release 16 ms · Traffic browser-observedReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 8 | failed | — | — | 0 | $0.00040 | session_create: tilion create 502: {"detail":{"error":"session_launch_failed","message":"could not start a browser session; please retry"}}Create — · Connect — · Release — · Traffic browser-observedReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 9 | failed | — | — | 0 | $0.00040 | session_create: tilion create 502: {"detail":{"error":"session_launch_failed","message":"could not start a browser session; please retry"}}Create — · Connect — · Release — · Traffic browser-observedReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 10 | failed | — | — | 0 | $0.00040 | session_create: tilion create 502: {"detail":{"error":"session_launch_failed","message":"could not start a browser session; please retry"}}Create — · Connect — · Release — · Traffic browser-observedReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
Notte· Samples, failures & pricing
Listed usage · Rates checked 2026-10-08Source 1
Estimated list-price usage before subscriptions and included credits.
Run date: · Target: tba-eternal-holdem-answer.trycloudflare.com
| Attempt | Outcome | Exit | GET | Bytes | Cost | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | success | US | 1233 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01049 | Payload verifiedCreate 1192 ms · Connect 515 ms · Release 219 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 2 | success | US | 1464 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01049 | Payload verifiedCreate 1175 ms · Connect 533 ms · Release 196 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 3 | success | US | 3025 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01049 | Payload verifiedCreate 1262 ms · Connect 509 ms · Release 124 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 4 | success | US | 14880 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01049 | Payload verifiedCreate 1448 ms · Connect 508 ms · Release 214 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 5 | success | US | 7864 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01049 | Payload verifiedCreate 1301 ms · Connect 623 ms · Release 260 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 6 | success | US | 1342 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01049 | Payload verifiedCreate 1140 ms · Connect 502 ms · Release 120 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 7 | success | US | 2164 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01049 | Payload verifiedCreate 1090 ms · Connect 514 ms · Release 207 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 8 | success | US | 2278 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01049 | Payload verifiedCreate 1134 ms · Connect 508 ms · Release 192 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 9 | success | US | 2402 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01049 | Payload verifiedCreate 1405 ms · Connect 519 ms · Release 115 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 10 | success | US | 8838 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01049 | Payload verifiedCreate 2349 ms · Connect 489 ms · Release 117 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
Hyperbrowser· Samples, failures & pricing
Listed credits · Rates checked 2026-10-08Source 1
Estimated list-price usage before subscriptions and included credits.
Run date: · Target: refers-pottery-plasma-board.trycloudflare.com
| Attempt | Outcome | Exit | GET | Bytes | Cost | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | success | US | 2440 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01066 | Payload verifiedCreate 292 ms · Connect 134 ms · Release 297 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 2 | success | US | 2444 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01072 | Payload verifiedCreate 297 ms · Connect 541 ms · Release 242 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 3 | failed | US | — | 769,922 | $0.00870 | get: GET timed outCreate 267 ms · Connect 161 ms · Release 326 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 4 | success | US | 2551 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01068 | Payload verifiedCreate 333 ms · Connect 149 ms · Release 331 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 5 | success | US | 2068 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01063 | Payload verifiedCreate 319 ms · Connect 192 ms · Release 334 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 6 | success | US | 1897 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01063 | Payload verifiedCreate 265 ms · Connect 143 ms · Release 299 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 7 | success | US | 3716 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01066 | Payload verifiedCreate 324 ms · Connect 164 ms · Release 312 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 8 | success | US | 6259 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01085 | Payload verifiedCreate 421 ms · Connect 149 ms · Release 384 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 9 | success | US | 2935 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01066 | Payload verifiedCreate 325 ms · Connect 196 ms · Release 317 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 10 | success | US | 2111 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01063 | Payload verifiedCreate 286 ms · Connect 156 ms · Release 301 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
KERNEL· Samples, failures & pricing
Hobbyist; headless; unmetered managed proxies · Rates checked 2026-10-08Source 1Source 2
Estimated list-price usage before subscriptions and included credits.
Run date: · Target: refers-pottery-plasma-board.trycloudflare.com
| Attempt | Outcome | Exit | GET | Bytes | Cost | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | success | US | 1719 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00008 | Payload verifiedCreate 1295 ms · Connect 111 ms · Release 92 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 2 | success | US | 3970 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00015 | Payload verifiedCreate 1969 ms · Connect 146 ms · Release 88 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 3 | success | US | 11861 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00027 | Payload verifiedCreate 2206 ms · Connect 88 ms · Release 84 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 4 | success | US | 1897 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00010 | Payload verifiedCreate 1544 ms · Connect 70 ms · Release 100 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 5 | success | US | 1979 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00010 | Payload verifiedCreate 1352 ms · Connect 107 ms · Release 135 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 6 | success | US | 1819 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00010 | Payload verifiedCreate 1412 ms · Connect 40 ms · Release 141 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 7 | success | US | 2301 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00012 | Payload verifiedCreate 2284 ms · Connect 91 ms · Release 82 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 8 | success | US | 3581 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00013 | Payload verifiedCreate 1658 ms · Connect 142 ms · Release 97 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 9 | success | US | 8640 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00025 | Payload verifiedCreate 1414 ms · Connect 90 ms · Release 89 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 10 | success | US | 5236 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00015 | Payload verifiedCreate 1516 ms · Connect 68 ms · Release 121 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
Steel· Samples, failures & pricing
Launch · Rates checked 2026-10-08Source 1
Estimated list-price usage before subscriptions and included credits.
Run date: · Target: refers-pottery-plasma-board.trycloudflare.com
| Attempt | Outcome | Exit | GET | Bytes | Cost | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | success | US | 6167 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01216 | Payload verifiedUsage: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 1472 ms · Connect 1271 ms · Release 642 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 2 | success | US | 3001 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01216 | Payload verifiedUsage: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 810 ms · Connect 1381 ms · Release 379 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 3 | success | US | 3880 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01216 | Payload verifiedUsage: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 750 ms · Connect 1776 ms · Release 634 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 4 | success | US | 3008 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01216 | Payload verifiedUsage: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 1540 ms · Connect 1342 ms · Release 908 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 5 | success | US | 3085 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01216 | Payload verifiedUsage: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 1163 ms · Connect 1997 ms · Release 248 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 6 | success | US | 2909 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01216 | Payload verifiedUsage: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 647 ms · Connect 2521 ms · Release 779 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 7 | success | US | 6026 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01216 | Payload verifiedUsage: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 770 ms · Connect 2099 ms · Release 211 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 8 | success | US | 3015 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01218 | Payload verifiedUsage: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 1253 ms · Connect 1646 ms · Release 630 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 9 | failed | — | — | 0 | $0.00167 | country_verification: page.evaluate: TimeoutError: signal timed outUsage: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 1546 ms · Connect 1595 ms · Release 225 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 10 | success | US | 8744 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01216 | Payload verifiedUsage: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 1362 ms · Connect 1338 ms · Release 520 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
Browser Use· Samples, failures & pricing
Listed usage · Rates checked 2026-10-08Source 1Source 2
Estimated list-price usage before subscriptions and included credits.
Run date: · Target: refers-pottery-plasma-board.trycloudflare.com
| Attempt | Outcome | Exit | GET | Bytes | Cost | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | success | US | 5752 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00522 | Payload verifiedCreate 249 ms · Connect 106 ms · Release 100 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 2 | success | US | 7889 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00522 | Payload verifiedCreate 231 ms · Connect 113 ms · Release 74 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 3 | success | US | 3952 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00522 | Payload verifiedCreate 794 ms · Connect 221 ms · Release 77 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 4 | success | US | 13083 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00522 | Payload verifiedCreate 185 ms · Connect 170 ms · Release 77 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 5 | success | US | 3784 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00522 | Payload verifiedCreate 385 ms · Connect 153 ms · Release 106 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 6 | success | US | 2266 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00522 | Payload verifiedCreate 266 ms · Connect 214 ms · Release 35 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 7 | success | US | 2646 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00522 | Payload verifiedCreate 225 ms · Connect 105 ms · Release 182 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 8 | success | US | 1970 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00522 | Payload verifiedCreate 198 ms · Connect 106 ms · Release 35 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 9 | success | US | 2456 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.00522 | Payload verifiedCreate 200 ms · Connect 192 ms · Release 89 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 10 | failed | US | 579 ms | 5,986 | $0.00045 | get: Error: GET HTTP 530Target infrastructure: The temporary Cloudflare tunnel lost its connection at 17:31:35 UTC, failed to reconnect at 17:32:00 UTC, and reconnected at 17:32:26 UTC. This attempt overlapped that target outage; its failure may reflect target availability rather than the provider. Annotation added from tunnel logs; timings and outcome are unchanged.Create 247 ms · Connect 195 ms · Release 33 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
Anchor Browser· Samples, failures & pricing
Infrastructure · Rates checked 2026-10-08Source 1
Estimated list-price usage before subscriptions and included credits.
Run date: · Target: refers-pottery-plasma-board.trycloudflare.com
| Attempt | Outcome | Exit | GET | Bytes | Cost | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | success | US | 4508 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01923 | Payload verifiedCreate 1292 ms · Connect 114 ms · Release 766 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 2 | success | US | 4202 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01923 | Payload verifiedCreate 1114 ms · Connect 122 ms · Release 687 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 3 | success | US | 3717 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01923 | Payload verifiedCreate 1099 ms · Connect 133 ms · Release 890 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 4 | success | US | 5400 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01923 | Payload verifiedCreate 1070 ms · Connect 142 ms · Release 796 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 5 | success | US | 2427 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01923 | Payload verifiedCreate 1410 ms · Connect 159 ms · Release 913 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 6 | success | US | 2177 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01923 | Payload verifiedCreate 1227 ms · Connect 136 ms · Release 1129 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 7 | success | US | 7287 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01923 | Payload verifiedCreate 2379 ms · Connect 210 ms · Release 1152 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 8 | success | US | 5696 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01923 | Payload verifiedCreate 1995 ms · Connect 192 ms · Release 1521 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 9 | success | US | 2157 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.01923 | Payload verifiedCreate 1215 ms · Connect 107 ms · Release 786 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
| 10 | failed | US | — | 827,266 | $0.01746 | get: GET timed outCreate 2047 ms · Connect 183 ms · Release 820 ms · Traffic browser-observed |
Browserbase· Samples, failures & pricing
Developer list rates; account plan unconfirmed · Rates checked 2026-10-11Source 1Source 2Source 3
Re-estimated on 2026-10-11 using finalized Browserbase session proxyBytes and Developer list rates ($0.12/hour, $12/GB). Browser time uses recorded creation-to-release wall time with a one-minute minimum; traffic is conservatively rounded up in MB with a 1 MB minimum. The account plan is unconfirmed; subscriptions and included allowances are excluded. Original measurements and pricing are preserved; this is not an invoice.
Run date: · Target: refers-pottery-plasma-board.trycloudflare.com
| Attempt | Outcome | Exit | GET | Bytes | Cost | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | success | US | 7234 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.02600 | Payload verifiedOriginal usage read: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 254 ms · Connect 914 ms · Release 236 ms · Traffic providerReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 2 | success | US | 2350 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.02600 | Payload verifiedOriginal usage read: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 258 ms · Connect 813 ms · Release 238 ms · Traffic providerReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 3 | success | US | 5896 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.02600 | Payload verifiedOriginal usage read: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 275 ms · Connect 1042 ms · Release 237 ms · Traffic providerReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 4 | success | US | 4357 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.02600 | Payload verifiedOriginal usage read: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 283 ms · Connect 1130 ms · Release 260 ms · Traffic providerReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 5 | success | US | 4441 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.02600 | Payload verifiedOriginal usage read: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 281 ms · Connect 1153 ms · Release 251 ms · Traffic providerReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 6 | success | US | 2498 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.02600 | Payload verifiedOriginal usage read: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 250 ms · Connect 680 ms · Release 248 ms · Traffic providerReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 7 | failed | — | — | 0 | $0.01400 | country_verification: page.evaluate: DOMExceptionOriginal usage read: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 277 ms · Connect 693 ms · Release 242 ms · Traffic providerReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 8 | success | US | 3196 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.02600 | Payload verifiedOriginal usage read: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 255 ms · Connect 1050 ms · Release 258 ms · Traffic providerReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 9 | success | US | 10980 ms | 1,048,576 | $0.02600 | Payload verifiedOriginal usage read: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundCreate 329 ms · Connect 805 ms · Release 240 ms · Traffic providerReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
| 10 | failed | US | 983 ms | 6,013 | $0.01400 | get: Error: GET HTTP 530Original usage read: Provider usage unavailable or not finalized; browser bytes are a lower boundTarget infrastructure: The temporary Cloudflare tunnel lost its connection at 17:31:35 UTC, failed to reconnect at 17:32:00 UTC, and reconnected at 17:32:26 UTC. This attempt overlapped that target outage; its failure may reflect target availability rather than the provider. Annotation added from tunnel logs; timings and outcome are unchanged.Create 292 ms · Connect 1230 ms · Release 221 ms · Traffic providerReconciled 2026-10-11 · Original estimate: Unknown |
Lightpanda· Samples, failures & pricing
Pricing not configured · Rates checked —
Estimated list-price usage before subscriptions and included credits.
Run date: · Target: burning-hop-purchased-trying.trycloudflare.com
| Attempt | Outcome | Exit | GET | Bytes | Cost | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | unsupported | — | — | 0 | Unknown | proxy_support: Lightpanda's built-in proxies are datacenter proxies; country-targeted residential proxies require a separately configured account proxyCreate — · Connect — · Release — · Traffic browser-observed |
What this measures
Recorded: · UTC
The browser → residential proxy → target path. Each sample uses a fresh session and verifies country before the GET. Country verification uses a separate destination; residential routing can change between destinations. Browser region and origin routing affect the result. The table shows each provider's latest suite up to the selected UTC day. Dates and target hosts may differ; each row retains its own samples and pricing. The charts show recorded daily results and compare matching workloads within each provider.
A recorded failure coincided with an outage of the benchmark target's temporary tunnel. It remains in the attempt count; see the annotated sample for details before attributing it to a provider.